Argument Connectors
Revising and jointly considering references on argument mining, we have developed a two-level taxonomy of argument relations, and have gathered a relatively large set of linguistic connectors classified with the taxonomy. The taxonomy and the set of connectors, referred as an “argument relation lexicon”, are made accessible here in English and Spanish.
Argument relation taxonomy and lexicon
Categories and subcategories of the proposed argument type taxonomy, and some categorized examples of English and Spanish argument connectors from the built lexicon. Words in brackets are optional.
| Category | Subcategory | Intent | Num. | English connectors Examples | Num. | Spanish connector Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause | Condition | qualifier | 30 | if [ever/so], in case of/that | 33 | si [alguna vez/es así], en caso de/que |
| Reason | support | 16 | because [of], due to, since | 16 | porque, ya que, debido a [que], pues | |
| Clarification | Conclusion | support | 18 | to conclude, in/as conclusion | 21 | para concluir, en/como conclusión |
| Exemplification | support | 8 | for [example/instance], as an example [of] | 12 | por ejemplo, como ejemplo [de] | |
| Restatement | support | 6 | in other words, that is [to say] | 26 | en otras palabras, es decir, esto es | |
| Summary | support | 12 | summarizing, summing up, to sum up | 7 | resumiendo, concluyendo, para acabar | |
| Consequence | Explanation | support | 6 | actually, in [actual] fact, indeed | 6 | realmente, de hecho, en realidad |
| Goal | support | 19 | for, to, in order to, aimed/aiming to | 15 | para, por, con el fin de | |
| Result | support | 21 | therefore, thus, hence, then, so [that] | 40 | por [lo] tanto, por consiguiente/ende | |
| Contrast | Alternative | support/attack | 21 | on the other hand, in another case | 26 | por otra parte, por otro lado, en otro caso |
| Comparison | support/attack | 7 | while, whereas, compared [to/with] | 17 | mientras [que], comparado con | |
| Concession | attack | 16 | although, [even] though, despite [that] | 28 | aunque, aún/incluso [si/así], a pesar de | |
| Opposition | attack | 22 | but, however, nonetheless, albeit | 31 | pero, sin embargo, no obstante | |
| Elaboration | Addition | support | 15 | also, besides, as well, too, moreover | 17 | también, además/aparte [de], [lo que] es más |
| Precision | support | 11 | in particular, particularly, especially | 13 | en particular, particularmente, especialmente | |
| Similarity | support | 8 | similarly/analogously [to], like, likewise | 10 | similarmente/analogamente [a], como, al igual que | |
| Total | 236 | 318 |
Resources
The following files are located in the resources folder:
- List of linguistic connectors in English
- List of linguistic connectors in Spanish
Authors
Created on Jul 28, 2021
Created by:
License
This project is licensed under the terms of the Apache License 2.0.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-108965GB-I00).